Motherboard

Top view of motherboard

A motherboard (also known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board) is the main printed circuit board found in computers. It holds many of the important electronic components of the system, such as the CPU and RAM, and provides connectors for other peripherals that are on the back of the computer.

This board is, as the name suggests, the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components can talk with each other. There is a CPU socket on the board in the shape of a square with a lever on the side to put the CPU in.

Memory slots, which are long, skinny slots with locking tabs on both sides, are where you put your RAM chips in. It also has PCI slots, which are slightly fatter and smaller slots. A standard motherboard will have two to four PCI-Express 16x connection for graphics cards, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E 1x slots for various expansion cards, like NIC and audio.

Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E 16x slots, allowing more than 2 monitors to be connected without special hardware. With two PCI-E 16x slots you can also use SLI (for Nvidia GPUs) and Crossfire (for ATI GPUs), which are special graphics technologies. More PCI-E 16x slots allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, allowing better performance graphics-heavy computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc.

Most computers require CPU fans mounted on their heat sinks along with a fan for the power supply, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption of current computers. Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fans as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed.

Some higher-end computers, typically having high-performance microprocessors, large amounts of RAM, and high-performance video cards, use a water-cooling system instead of filling the computers with fans. Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips. If the computer isn't cooled enough it can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to instantly crash.

High rates of motherboard failures in China and India are supposedly due to sulfurous air pollution produced by coals burned to generate electricity. This may or may not apply to you but it is still something to consider.

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